目的：目的是将先前验证的深度学习算法应用于新的甲状腺结节超声图像数据集，并将其性能与放射科医生进行比较。方法：先前的研究提出了一种能够检测甲状腺结节，然后使用两个超声图像进行恶性分类的算法。从1278个结节训练了多任务深度卷积神经网络，最初用99个单独的结节进行了测试。结果与放射科医生相当。与培训案例相比，使用来自不同制造商和产品类型的超声计算机成像的378个结节进一步测试了该算法。要求四名经验丰富的放射科医生评估结节，以与深度学习进行比较。结果：用参数，二维估计计算了深度学习算法和四个放射科医生的曲线（AUC）面积。对于深度学习算法，AUC为0.70（95％CI：0.64-0.75）。放射科医生的AUC为0.66（95％CI：0.61-0.71），0.67（95％CI：0.62-0.73），0.68（95％CI：0.63-0.73）和0.66（95％CI：95％CI：0.61-0.71）。结论：在新的测试数据集中，深度学习算法与所有四个放射科医生都达到了类似的性能。

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Although many machine learning methods, especially from the field of deep learning, have been instrumental in addressing challenges within robotic applications, we cannot take full advantage of such methods before these can provide performance and safety guarantees. The lack of trust that impedes the use of these methods mainly stems from a lack of human understanding of what exactly machine learning models have learned, and how robust their behaviour is. This is the problem the field of explainable artificial intelligence aims to solve. Based on insights from the social sciences, we know that humans prefer contrastive explanations, i.e.\ explanations answering the hypothetical question "what if?". In this paper, we show that linear model trees are capable of producing answers to such questions, so-called counterfactual explanations, for robotic systems, including in the case of multiple, continuous inputs and outputs. We demonstrate the use of this method to produce counterfactual explanations for two robotic applications. Additionally, we explore the issue of infeasibility, which is of particular interest in systems governed by the laws of physics.

This paper investigates how hate speech varies in systematic ways according to the identities it targets. Across multiple hate speech datasets annotated for targeted identities, we find that classifiers trained on hate speech targeting specific identity groups struggle to generalize to other targeted identities. This provides empirical evidence for differences in hate speech by target identity; we then investigate which patterns structure this variation. We find that the targeted demographic category (e.g. gender/sexuality or race/ethnicity) appears to have a greater effect on the language of hate speech than does the relative social power of the targeted identity group. We also find that words associated with hate speech targeting specific identities often relate to stereotypes, histories of oppression, current social movements, and other social contexts specific to identities. These experiments suggest the importance of considering targeted identity, as well as the social contexts associated with these identities, in automated hate speech classification.

The meaningful use of electronic health records (EHR) continues to progress in the digital era with clinical decision support systems augmented by artificial intelligence. A priority in improving provider experience is to overcome information overload and reduce the cognitive burden so fewer medical errors and cognitive biases are introduced during patient care. One major type of medical error is diagnostic error due to systematic or predictable errors in judgment that rely on heuristics. The potential for clinical natural language processing (cNLP) to model diagnostic reasoning in humans with forward reasoning from data to diagnosis and potentially reduce the cognitive burden and medical error has not been investigated. Existing tasks to advance the science in cNLP have largely focused on information extraction and named entity recognition through classification tasks. We introduce a novel suite of tasks coined as Diagnostic Reasoning Benchmarks, DR.BENCH, as a new benchmark for developing and evaluating cNLP models with clinical diagnostic reasoning ability. The suite includes six tasks from ten publicly available datasets addressing clinical text understanding, medical knowledge reasoning, and diagnosis generation. DR.BENCH is the first clinical suite of tasks designed to be a natural language generation framework to evaluate pre-trained language models. Experiments with state-of-the-art pre-trained generative language models using large general domain models and models that were continually trained on a medical corpus demonstrate opportunities for improvement when evaluated in DR. BENCH. We share DR. BENCH as a publicly available GitLab repository with a systematic approach to load and evaluate models for the cNLP community.

使用自然语言处理方法自动汇总患者的主要进度注释中的主要问题，有助于与医院环境中的信息和认知超负荷作斗争，并可能为提供者提供计算机化的诊断决策支持。问题列表摘要需要一个模型来理解，抽象和生成临床文档。在这项工作中，我们提出了一项新的NLP任务，旨在在住院期间使用提供者进度注释的意见来在患者的日常护理计划中生成一系列问题。我们研究了两个最先进的SEQ2SEQ变压器体系结构T5和Bart的性能，以解决此问题。我们提供了一个基于公开可用的电子健康记录进度注释MART MART（MIMIC）-III中的公开电子健康记录进度注释的语料库。 T5和BART对通用域文本进行了培训，我们尝试了数据增强方法和域适应性预训练方法，以增加医学词汇和知识的接触。评估方法包括胭脂，Bertscore，嵌入句子上的余弦相似性以及对医学概念的F评分。结果表明，与基于规则的系统和通用域预训练的语言模型相比，具有领域自适应预训练的T5可实现显着的性能增长，这表明可以解决问题摘要任务的有希望的方向。

骨肉瘤是最常见的原发性骨癌，其标准治疗包括术前化疗，然后切除。化学疗法反应用于预测患者的预后和进一步治疗。坏死在切除标本上的组织学幻灯片通常评估了坏死比定义为坏死肿瘤与总体肿瘤之比。已知坏死比> = 90％的患者的预后更好。多个载玻片对坏死比的手动微观综述是半定量性的，并且可能具有观察者间和观察者间的变异性。我们提出了一种基于目标和可再现的深度学习方法，以估计坏死比，并从扫描的苏木精和曙红全幻灯片图像预测结果。我们以3134个WSI的速度收集了103例骨肉瘤病例，以训练我们的深度学习模型，验证坏死比评估并评估结果预测。我们训练了深层多磁化网络，以分割多个组织亚型，包括生存的肿瘤和像素级中的坏死肿瘤，并计算来自多个WSI的病例级坏死比。我们显示了通过分割模型估算的坏死比，高度与由专家手动评估的病理报告中的坏死比高度相关，其中IV级的平均绝对差异（100％），III（> = 90％）和II（> = 50％和<50％和< 90％）坏死反应分别为4.4％，4.5％和17.8％。我们成功地对患者进行了分层，以预测P = 10^-6的总生存率，而P = 0.012的无进展生存率。我们没有可变性的可重现方法使我们能够调整截止阈值，特别是用于模型和数据集的截止阈值，为OS的80％，PFS为60％。我们的研究表明，深度学习可以支持病理学家作为一种客观的工具，可以分析组织学中骨肉瘤，以评估治疗反应并预测患者结果。

语言模型既展示了定量的改进，又展示了新的定性功能，随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响，但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息，为破坏性的新模型能力做准备，并改善社会有害的效果，至关重要的是，我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战，我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准（Big Bench）。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成，由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的，从语言学，儿童发展，数学，常识性推理，生物学，物理学，社会偏见，软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号，Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为，跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外，一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务，以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括：模型性能和校准都随规模改善，但绝对的术语（以及与评估者的性能相比）；在模型类中的性能非常相似，尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分，而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标；社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加，但这可以通过提示来改善。

我们探索粒状介质（GM）中软机器的运动，由细长杆的弹性变形产生。提出了由细菌的生理结构的低成本，迅速制造的机器人。它由刚性头部，带有电动机和电池的嵌入式和电池，以及多个弹性杆（我们的灯泡模型）来调查通用汽车的运动。弹性鞭毛在电机一端旋转，它们由于从GM的拖动而变形，推动机器人。外部拖动由鞭毛形状决定，而后者由于外部负载和弹力之间的竞争而改变。在该耦合的流体结构相互作用问题中，我们观察到增加鞭毛的数量可以减小或增加机器人的推进速度，这取决于系统的物理参数。这种简单机器人之间的功能关系中的这种非线性激励我们利用理论，数值模拟和实验来从根本上分析其力学。我们提出了一个简单的欧拉伯努利光束理论的分析框架，其能够定性地捕获这两种情况。当鞭毛变形小时，理论预测定量匹配实验。为了考虑经常在软机器人和微生物中遇到的几何非线性变形，我们实施了一种仿真框架，该框架包括弹性杆的离散微分几何形状模拟，这是一种基于电阻理论的拖曳模型，以及用于流体动力学的改进的斯托克斯法机器人头。与实验数据的比较表明模拟可以定量地预测机器人运动。总的来说，本文中提出的理论和数值工具可以在粒状或流体介质中的这类清晰的机器人的设计和控制来阐明。

超越地球轨道的人类空间勘探将涉及大量距离和持续时间的任务。为了有效减轻无数空间健康危害，数据和空间健康系统的范式转移是实现地球独立性的，而不是Earth-Reliance所必需的。有希望在生物学和健康的人工智能和机器学习领域的发展可以解决这些需求。我们提出了一个适当的自主和智能精密空间健康系统，可以监控，汇总和评估生物医学状态;分析和预测个性化不良健康结果;适应并响应新累积的数据;并提供对其船员医务人员的个人深度空间机组人员和迭代决策支持的预防性，可操作和及时的见解。在这里，我们介绍了美国国家航空航天局组织的研讨会的建议摘要，以便在太空生物学和健康中未来的人工智能应用。在未来十年，生物监测技术，生物标志科学，航天器硬件，智能软件和简化的数据管理必须成熟，并编织成精确的空间健康系统，以使人类在深空中茁壮成长。